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Will humanity of the future become a species different enough from humanity today to be called Posthuman? This question was explored in the late 1980s and 1990s by a number of science fiction writers, who suggested that technological augmentation of human beings, perhaps using artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology, would make humanity of the future effectively a different species. (This is slightly different from earlier concepts of the "superman," in which biological evolution produces a superior version of humanity.)

Bruce Sterling, in his collection Schismatrix, invents "mechanist" and "shaper" factions to exemplify the mechanical and biological approaches to posthumanity. An anthology that collects a number of possible approaches to posthumanity is Gardner Dozois's Supermen: Tales of the Posthuman Future, (St. Martins, 2002).

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